The Skellingcorner

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See, that’s what the app is perfect for.

Sounds perfect Wahhhh, I don’t wanna
redisoj
#MerMay день 21
Хотел нарисовать простого осьминога, а узнал, что есть некие осьминоги Думбо или Гримпотевитс. Они с плавниками - “ушками”. Интересные создания.
#challenge #redisoj #copic #copicart #sketch #sketchbook #mermaid #nature #beuty...

#MerMay день 21
Хотел нарисовать простого осьминога, а узнал, что есть некие осьминоги Думбо или Гримпотевитс. Они с плавниками - “ушками”. Интересные создания.

#challenge #redisoj #copic #copicart #sketch #sketchbook #mermaid #nature #beuty #fairytale #art #traditionalart #pencilart #lineart #drawing #draw #illustration #character #instaart #copicmarkers #sun #happiness #happy #love #lovely #dream #star #child #kinder #octopus

sketch art copicart mermay fairytale redisoj love dream happiness copicmarkers sketchbook sun character instaart kinder lovely mermaid happy draw star octopus nature copic illustration child traditionalart challenge pencilart lineart beuty
creativeprompts
Creating Characters - Five Mistakes Beginner Writers Make
I am often asked to appraise writers’ manuscripts. I have found that these are the most common problems beginner writers share when they’re creating characters.
1. Cardboard cut-out...

Creating Characters - Five Mistakes Beginner Writers Make

I am often asked to appraise writers’ manuscripts. I have found that these are the most common problems beginner writers share when they’re creating characters.

1. Cardboard cut-out characters
Give your characters a life. Surround them with evidence of their past, present, and future. Everyday things that happen to them make them human. They should argue with their parents, forget a friend’s birthday, and hope everyone will forget theirs. They stub their toes, drop cell phones in water, and lose car keys. All of this must happen while they’re dealing with other people. The reader must see characters as real people. Writers create believable characters when readers are able to identify with them.  

View the other four at Writers Write

writing resource character characters writing characters writing resources
writingwithcolor

mirthalia asked:

1st: This resource is amazing. Thank you profusely for the time and work you must put into running it. 2nd: A statement Stella recently made: "please stop perpetuating the idea that it’s normal for POC to have racist white friends" vs one Lesya made earlier: "You [collective, I assume?] will basically always be racist." Is the best way to reconcile this as, "be aware of your racism as an author, but you can still write white characters who are not racist"? Or is "ally = not racist" a fallacy?

As clarification due to ask limits: I’m not assuming that it’s impossible for an ally to be racist (to various degrees), but rather whether any ally could be presented as definitively not racistwithout hiding or erasing their privilege. I want to assume “sort of”, in the sense of an ally being racist in status but not in personal choice of action? (Sorry I just really want to see more good secondary ally characters in fiction. I liked Zoe Zimmer but the “redeemed racist” is indeed getting old.)

Everday Racism, Friendship and White Allies

“Ally= not racist” is a fallacy. Everyone is racist from having grown up in a racist society, and PoC have internalized racism to deal with! The thing about your question is it’s basically impossible for people not to be racist. Even from really close white friends, PoC experience microaggressions on a regular basis. 

One could say the concept of privilege is that they perpetuate microaggressions, and it’s really hard to explain it unless you read a lot of works written by PoC or talk to friends of color at a level that is actually pretty rare to hear.

Even among very good white friends who are well educated on social issues, I find myself tilting my head at some of their statements. I don’t call them out on every single one, which means they get a certain level of masking about my real feelings. I sometimes don’t call them out till days later. I sometimes don’t call them out at all. 

They generally don’t make giant mistakes (and, if they do, it’s because the topic hasn’t come up before), so there’s a level of price to pay with having “outsider” friends in that you basically constantly face microaggressions in one way or another. In a way, you can define privilege as being able to make these statements based on ignorance.

(For example, I once shared a racist message I’d received with a white friend, and she didn’t immediately see the racism. She then made an excuse that she wasn’t used to seeing that type of racism, and I let it slide. This is a microaggression born out of privilege that rubs the wrong way, but isn’t really worth calling out every time)

However, this is not actively malicious racism. This is simply the side effect of growing up in a racist society. I call this ignorant racism and it generally is classified as “annoying”. It can be very harmful, or it can just be a little harmful, but as an initial racist thing it’s not an automatic red flag. To be perfectly honest, if PoC called out every single act of racism that ever occurred in our lives, we’d spend all our time calling people out or we’d never interact with anyone. It’s just one of those things.

For example, Thanksgiving as a holiday is rooted in the genocide of Native peoples. The “first thanksgiving” wasn’t actually a codified holiday, and it didn’t repeat as a “giving thanks” sort of thing until the Mystic Massacre, where settlers set fire to a Pequot village and killed 700 Natives. Then Lincoln made it a federal holiday the same year he had 24 Sioux killed on Christmas eve. Am I going to be saying this every time somebody talks about Thanksgiving? Nope! Does it hurt to hear people talk positively about a holiday that is kind of rather literally “giving thanks we’re getting rid of Natives so we can have more land”? Sometimes. It depends on the context and if it would derail a preexisting conversation too much.

However, just because my friends can perpetuate racism, does not mean I keep actively racist friends. While all of the above can be hurtful and can open up education moments, they aren’t deal breakers for me— just because I know it comes from ignorance. What’s more important for me is an ability to learn about how to not be racist. NOTE- Not everyone has these standards and I can be overly-forgiving. Depends on the PoC in question.

An ally will actively denounce the racism of Thanksgiving if they know about it, and will spread knowledge about why others should actively denounce the racism, too. If I explain the history behind Thanksgiving to them, they’ll go to celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day and understand that while Thanksgiving traditions might not be inherently racist (getting together with family is a great thing), they’ll switch to actually honouring me and my heritage instead of simply ignoring it. They confront their privilege and acknowledge that without active denouncement of history, they’ll be harmful (even if the traditions, as mentioned, aren’t inherently racist). They take it upon themselves to learn how they can remember those who have been harmed in the past and look to reconcile the present by validating old wounds that have never been tended.

People I don’t keep around I call malicious racists and they, in short, don’t do any of that. They assume that because the traditions aren’t inherently racist that they don’t need to do anything. They insist that because it is so far in the past and the meaning of the holiday has changed, there is nothing to be done. They, in short, ignore history and my feelings as a Native person, and establish themselves as somebody I don’t want to keep in my circle of friends. They think the wound has closed on its own and make no effort to tend it.

An ally will also overall lower the emotional burden on PoC and will educate in their stead. My closest white friends are those who tell others what I have told them about racism, and work to make white people as a whole less racist. In that sense, I know educating them is not in vain, because they in turn take what I have taught them and apply it. Even if all I do is talk about the harm it perpetuates, they will go and, when appropriate, educate others on the harm their behaviours perpetuate. My white friends have recently been asking me for cultural appropriation resources, and have been asking some very genuine questions about the history of appropriation, and I am more than happy to answer because I know it will have weight. Also, they’ll tell me of times other people got educated to show that people are changing, and make me feel a little less hopeless.

NOTE: I am an educator by choice. I am under no obligation to educate my white friends, and many PoC choose not to educate. I do so only because I want to, and I am not always the picture of grace when I do so. If a friend has hurt me deeply, they understand that I can and probably will explode about it, and they realize that it is their fault for hurting me, not my fault for being angry. This isn’t an excuse for me to be abusive— I don’t blame them for things they can’t control, and I don’t move goalposts for what is a “good person” or not— but “anger” and “abuse” aren’t the same thing, and allies recognize this.

This is another thing allies need to do, because part of being an ally is realizing that their privilege is something that has a certain level of harm to it inherently. They understand that there is a gulf between us, but they also understand it is within their power to close it.

Because yes, there is a gulf between white people and PoC. There are gulfs between POC groups. There are gulfs between every single marginalized group, not just along racial lines. One of the reasons colourblindness is so hurtful is because it inherently ignores these gulfs even exist and, as a result, has no hope to close it. 

To borrow from Canada’s most recent step in Native healing, allies practice truth and reconciliation. They admit there is truth to our experiences, we have a right to be hurt, and they reconcile the differences by working to make the future less harmful. They either don’t apologize, or they apologize correctly by admitting they had fault in it, and they realize that they have a place to change their actions and, in turn, change the course of history.

Notice how, nowhere in here, do PoC have to forgive. An ally will let us be angry, will let us hold grudges, and will accept when their help isn’t wanted. Allies acknowledge that they have a burden to carry, and they willingly carry it. They own their whiteness, their outsider status, and use it to dismantle the structures that generated their own ignorance in the first place. They work to rectify their ignorance with educators, and work to rectify the ignorance of others by saying what we have already said and linking back to our words. They do not place themselves in front of us, but instead amplify what we have already said. 

Their narratives are secondary to ours. And that is what WWC asks for from allies. That you make white narratives secondary and almost inconsequential to PoC narratives. A white person can practice truth and reconciliation without ever being “redeemed”, because the very act of practicing reconciliation requires that you admit your past is hurtful and you might continue to be hurtful in the future. 

While on the surface this looks unequal, it is actually a stance of equality. It admits that some people are better at talking about some experiences than others, that both sides have to work to better everyone’s lot, and that each side has a strength they can use for the other’s benefit. White people can use their privilege to call out injustice, but they can only do so if they listen and believe PoC who speak of those experiences.

If you’ll notice, a lot of this sounds like general “writing a good relationship” advice. That’s because it is!

Everyone is unintentionally harmful to others, everyone has responsibility for their actions, and everybody is within their right to do what they want with their time. These things don’t change just because one person is marginalized and the other is dominant. The actions might have a little more weight to them because there are structural inequalities at play that make it the dominant person might not know anything about the marginalized at first, but just like when you meet a friend and don’t understand what their life is like, the same is true for a PoC meeting a white person. 

By focusing so heavily on the gulf, and the “otherness” of the PoC, you ignore the relationship dynamics that happen on a small scale every day. You ignore what makes friendship even exist. Racist white people don’t need redemption, because by just being good friends they practice the necessary steps to earn a place in a PoC’s life. A good friend will acknowledge their friend’s feelings are valid, apologize for messing up, and make a note to not do that in the future.

It’s really that simple. Everyone is racist, but good people work to lessen their racism and generally be helpful, while bad people ignore the hurt and don’t take responsibility.

~ Mod Lesya 

WWC replies racism white allies allies white privilege micro aggressions relationships friendships interracial relationships genocide mention tw Native American
writingwithcolor tropesarenotbad
stirringwind

For me the most annoying examples of historical inaccuracy + Horseshoe Theory are when people claim to be against racism but they’re so Western-centric they think imperialism and racism was a European-only enterprise. And so, they go so far around the bend that they romanticise and fetishise powerful and expansionist non-European empires that were no less imperialist than the European empires they rail against. 

i’m sure you guys know because i talk about it a lot on my blog- but some of the biggest offenders here include the mind-boggling manner in which the Empire of Japan is championed as an “anti-colonial” force (even though it was an undisguised colonial power that caused a destructive conflict that left 25 million people dead in Asia). or the Ottoman Empire- when people disregard its genocide of Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks. we cannot claim to be anti-imperialist if we’re gonna be OK with it or assume it is somehow less serious because the imperialists are not white by Western standards. nor can we claim to be against Western imperialism because perpetuating Western-centric history is itself a manifestation of Western cultural imperialism.

Ignoring the capacity of non-European empires for war, racism and even genocide just to present a photoshopped version of them as somehow being 100% utopian, enlightened examples of “anti-colonial” state-building amounts to actively erasing non-European history. This is not seeing non-Europeans as fully actualised and complex human beings who, like all human cultures, could produce works of art, science and philosophy while also engaging in warfare and violence. The idea that the world was peaceful before the rise of European imperialism suggests the outlines of the world were always the same, that the modern concept of Europe was eternal (see the Roman Empire, which plainly saw Northern Europeans as uncivilised barbarians). It suggests Europeans were perpetually at the nexus of global power. When they were not. 

tunisian-atheist

my favorite post so far

nikkilaurinaitis

Why cant we just ignore it, because it all happened hundreds and hundreds of years ago?

grohiikdoiiz

Because knowing what really happened is important.

nikkilaurinaitis

Its important to know what happened, okay, I agree, but why do we have to attack any culture or country in the first place because of what they did way in the past?
Thats more what I meant.

stirringwind

-the two examples i listed happened in the 20th century

-denial of the Armenian Genocide & Japanese war crimes is still an issue today. same with so many other atrocities? like people trying to whitewash slavery, saying the American Civil War wasn’t about slavery… it affects modern racial, religious, political dynamics today and is key to understanding why the world is the way it is? the past isn’t even past, for the most part. the past exists in continuum with the present it helped to create. how do we look at what society we want to create if we have no reference points for what created the various inequities present today or points of comparison as to what direction we want to go in? the universal declaration of human rights, the genocide convention were written by those who witnessed the atrocities inflicted during WW2 

-let’s get out of this mentality that just reciting unsavoury but true historical facts is unduly ‘attacking’ a culture or country honestly? the entire crux of my post is: if you want to do non-European history justice, let’s not romanticise or engage in erasure. this applies every bit to all history tbh.  like i am comfortable with and celebrate my culture but i will not be making excuses for the ugly parts of chinese history cos they are every bit our history and part of who we are as all the “good” things like inventing paper or spreading tea drinking 

writingwithcolor

This here is exactly why I am so cautious of people who say “I want to remove European [or, sometimes, they only say “English”] colonialism to respect Indigenous peoples.” It’s not that simple. Genocide is a global issue and empires around the world have done atrocious things to various Indigenous populations. Native American genocide might be one of the particularly well documented and top of mind situations, but it’s not the only.

Know your history, and know your global history. If you genuinely want to do right by marginalized groups, understand everyone involved in oppression and imperialism. Not just the English, and/or the French, and/or the Spanish. But the examples mentioned in the post here and many, many, many more. 

~ Mod Lesya

Source: stirringwinds
history erasure genocide culture world history reblog
writingwithcolor

Good vs. Bad Magical Methods and Black Woman Villains

I’m writing an urban fantasy story centering around a group of teenagers caught up in a magical war between the forces of good and evil– literally, “good” and “bad” actions produce the energy that is used to cast spells. The leader of the teens’ team is a Black girl (Nubia) who uses her magic to fight oppressive system like the corrupt cops in her hometown. 

For the main villains I wanted to create the opposites of all the good guys (there’s a gay guy on the teens’ team and his opposite is a gay guy who gatekeeps the gay community against bi and ace people) and for Nubia’s opposite I created Tara, a Black woman who waxes poetic about how the “good” Magic never helped her people and the only way for Black people to rise out of their oppressed state is to destroy and pillage and conquer the way white people have. She’s extremely manipulative and looks down on other Black people for not fighting back using her exact methods of mayhem and murder.

The question is whether or not I should give Tara this philosophy and whether it would be demonizing Black people. I’m Black myself but I don’t want to but anything toxic out there.

“For the main villains I wanted to create the opposites of all the good guys (there’s a gay guy on the teens’ team and his opposite is a gay guy who gatekeeps the gay community against bi and ace people)”

While it is important to show inter-LGBT+-community issues, especially if you yourself are bi/ace and have experienced this type of oppression, do be careful that by villanizing an inter-community issue with nothing about how straight society perpetuates this issue in a far worse light, you are hurting the LGBT+ community as a whole by showing certain members as the worst villains.

However, this ask has a lot to do with writing Black villains. I don’t think Tara’s philosophy is toxic or portraying Black people badly, because we’re not a monolith. If you’re showing a diverse round of sides of Black people in your story, such as with Nubia, you’re not demonizing a whole people. Both philosophy’s deserve attention, though, and the thing about antagonists is that they usually truly believe in what they’re fighting for/against. So really explore what it is that’s ticking Tara to use violence to get her desired outcome. Give nuance to each of their perspectives. Read up on your history. There’s definitely Black leaders that think/thought like both sides and it’s worth knowing the depths of their beliefs to bring realness to your characters and also how far it took them, revolution-wise. 

On that same note, there’s something to be said about labelling magic “bad” that’s being used by someone to fight back. What is happening in this story; our Black people literally getting murdered, and fighting back is being labelled “Bad magic”? Consider the symbolism behind your magic and watch out for any messages you’re not meaning to send.

More readingOn Oppressed Characters Fighting for Rights: How Far is Too Far?

~Colette, WWC Mods

LGBTQA+ villains Black Black women history bisexuality asexuality asks submission
its-a-writer-thing clevergirlhelps

Anonymous asked:

there's a lot of posts about women in ancient and medieval times, but what i haven't seen is how people justified their sexism. How did men have female loved ones that they thought were inferior? What men and women think was the difference between the genders? Why did so many women put up with it? Did some of them truly believe they were inferior?

clevergirlhelps answered:

It’s been said that the scariest words are, “But it’s always been done this way!” And that was the primary reason sexism was around. Men had been in charge for thousands of years, and very few women had the time and organization necessary to foment rebellion. There’s a reason many social movements occurred after a large section of the population were well fed, safe, and had leisure time.

Part of the sexism came from religion. Women were seen as inherently sinful because, according to the Bible, they (through Eve) are the reason everyone has to suffer on Earth instead of chilling in Paradise. Many medieval women accepted subservience as part of the punishment for their great-x1000 grandmother eating the apple. Or they accepted having a lower status because they thought this was how God wanted it to be. If women had any questions about their world, they were supposed to consult the Bible, which is not the most feminist work in the world.

Women were seen as more delicate, more gentle, more supple, more envious, more loving, more prone to laughing, and more malicious than men. Women were also seen as slower to work and more deceitful. A medieval woman’s view on men is impossible to find because of the rarity of female authors, but you can assume men were cruder, rougher, less openly joyful, harder working, and more truthful. 

Read More

clevergirlhelps

Wow I just got waayy to caught up in the medieval Europe part of that question …

Unfortunately, I do not have infinite and vast knowledge of all ancient cultures, but it seems that, in many of them, the sexism was in the laws, the very fabric of society, and in the political structure. It also had religious justification. Most women in any given place were concerned with immediate needs like food and shelter, and their literacy was often withheld or limited. Because of the existing social order and lack of free time with which to change it, sexism persisted.

However, women played a huge part in all ancient and medieval cultures (beyond being that constantly birthing fainting wisp stereotype left over from the Victorian Era). There was sexism and many women did accept inferiority, but that didn’t stop them from kicking ass and taking names. There were even some cultures which were fairly egalitarian (e.g. the Huns, prehistoric hunter gatherers, many Native American tribes).

How the genders saw each other depended on their own cultural views, so I can’t issue a blanket statement on that.

sexism in fiction history women in history female characters writing advice
writingwithcolor

tia-maria-maria-tia asked:

hi, i'm writing a story where the main character is a mixed-race girl (her mother is from Zimbabwe and her father is from England). her mother doesn't follow the traditional culture of her people, choosing instead to adopt the culture of her husband after he died in order to remember him (he died before my main character was born and they live in England, if that provides any more context). Is this disrespectful?

PoC Leaving Behind Culture to Honor Late Husband

General reminder: ethnicity, race and nationality are not the same thing. 

I will answer this assuming that you mean this character has a Black mother from Zimbabwe and white father from England, but please be aware of the above mentioned reminder.

A person’s connection to their culture is personal so I can’t really say how this mother deals with their culture is right or wrong, but it does… Unnerve me. This PoC not practicing their own culture and instead chooses a “white culture” is a frequent thing we see. I also wonder how one leaves behind such a large part of their culture after having lived with it for most of their life. It’s sort of an ingrained thing for many people that’s interwoven with ones, nearly everything? It’s not always in the big ways that culture can mean something to a person, but it can also be in the minor details. Many many minor details.

Plus why does she need to swap one culture for the other? Why not keep both? Why would she stop practicing her own culture while she’d already be practicing their husband’s as they live in England? 

It does feel weird to me for them to leave that part of themselves behind, especially since they moved to England. I’d need a pretty good reason to several more to feel comfortable with this and it adds to the disproportionate “PoC discarding/disconnected from their own culture” portrayal.

Please rethink your reasons.

~ Mod Alice

I just want to reinforce everything Alice said. I can see remembering him by engaging in more aspects of his culture that perhaps she wasn’t eager to partake in before, didn’t engage in a whole lot, or that they’d engaged in together. Did he have favorite dishes that she now has made part of their regular meals? What specific traditions or aspect of his cultures could you pass down in order to keep him “alive” for her and her child?

But just discarding your whole culture because you want to keep the memory of one’s husband alive is strange. You might definitely see some amount of assimilation occurring just from her living in a new place with a different dominant culture, but your culture is you. From the way you frame words, world perspectives, and mannerisms… you don’t just peel that off to honor someone’s memory, and if so, like Alice said, you’d need a damn good explanation for that.

Otherwise, i’m not feeling it or buying it.

~Mod Colette

tia-maria-maria-tia culture People of Color Black African Zimbabwe assimilation asks
nishakadam averybabery

How to Write a University-level Essay

healthyeyes

Heyo, so school is fast approaching, and seeing as Tumblr is made up of a lot of younger users who will soon be shipping off to college or university soon, I thought I would take it upon myself to help spread my knowledge of essay-writing. Essay-writing is my thing. I love it. I live for it. It’s how I make up for my shitty test marks, and still get by with an 85 average+ in University classes. I’m a historian by trade, so perhaps this information will seem a bit off from what you’re used to, but hopefully, It’ll help you out. If you have any questions, feel free to shoot me an ask.

1. Consider your question and find your thesis.

      I know, I know. People always say, no! Never start with your thesis/intro paragraph! Go to the body!! Well i’m here to say forget everything you’ve been told. Forget that, forget the stupid hamburger shit they teach you, forget it all and start reading. 

I ALWAYS start with my thesis. Why? Because you cannot make good paragraphs without knowing what you’re researching. You need direction, and a thesis is your map.

So, the question we’ll use shall be: What is one way in which the Union won the American Civil War?

Now remember, your thesis is your map. It shows you where to go, what to look for. The thesis is the heart and soul of all your work. You want a good, solid thesis. What does that include, you ask?

  • An idea
  • A reason for said idea
  • Evidence to support said reason, and thus validate the        idea.

So, lets do an example. Let’s say I’m writing on the use of media during the American Civil War. I like photography, and wrote a paper on this in my second year, but im gonna be doing this example freehand(idk where I put that essay lol) so lets work with how I got an A+ on that paper. This will be my idea:

                “Photography during the American Civil War influenced the war’s outcome in the Norths favour.”

This is VERY vague. This is an example of a thesis in bloom! Let’s take it further. Look at the above. What questions would you have from this thesis?

  • -Who was taking photos at that time?
  • -Why did it influence the outcome?
  • -How did it influence the outcome?
  • -Who consumed photography as a media at that time?

This is where you STOP, and start the next step.

2. Research

                Start your basic research with your idea, and the above questions in mind. Look at libraries, ask your professor or TA or librarian, or just do some basic google searches to get to know the subject(but for the love of god if you include a google link in your citation I will personally hunt you down and castrate you.)

I like to start with the basics of any inquiry: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW. Who was taking photos? Where were they displayed that caused influence? ect…These, in relation to your beginner thesis, will help guide you in what form your thesis will take.

Once you’ve finished that, and have a general feel for the time period, go back to your thesis.

3. THESIS 2.0

Go back to your original question: What is one way in which the Union won the American Civil War? Now look at your thesis again. It’s too vague, isn’t it?

As you can see, our original thesis was too vague to be a real thesis. So, we NARROW IT DOWN using our WWWWWH progress we focused on during early research!

                “Photography during the American Civil war influenced the war’s outcome by providing a visual for ordinary citizens about the horrors of war, and thus helping to increase donations and awareness to the cause.”

Great! But once again, too vague! Questions that may arise include:

  • Who was taking the photos
  • Evidence for donations?
  • Evidence for social awareness?

So, we NARROW IT DOWN again. I’m going to use Andrew Gardner’s photography during the Civil war, as he was one of the most famous and influential at the time.

                “Andrew Gardner’s photography during the American Civil war influenced the war’s outcome by providing a visual for ordinary citizens about the horrors of war, and thus helping to increase donations and enlistment in the Union through awareness to the cause…”

The above then gives us the following(why and how are sometimes grouped together):

  • Who: Andrew Gardner
  • What: Photography helped the north win the war.
  • Where: Union-aka northern states
  • When: American Civil War
  • Why/How: Because Andrew Gardner’s photography raised social awareness through this new and budding medium

Use this sort of outline to guide you in the next step!

4. Now that we have a thesis, you need to do some more research and evidence gathering.

The way I like to do this is to go check out a few books from the library(look for text books in particular), and leaf through the index for matching terms. Our matching terms would be:

                Photography, civil war, Andrew Gardner, media

From there, you read over the pages, and see if any of the info relates to your subjects. Copy down quotes, page numbers, book title, author, publishing date and publisher. You need these for your bibliography. Pick and choose relevant information. The filter for relevant information relies entirely on your thesis, because it decides what you need to be looking for—this is why I hate when people tell me to start writing paragraphs before I write a thesis! It’s simply impossible and counter productive, and will cost you hours in revision.

So, gather your information from the library, and cross-reference with peer-reviewed articles and data. For our thesis, we would need data on enlistment numbers in an area after a date of Andrew Gardner’s photography exhibit showcases. No matter what type of essay you’re writing, you can always back up your evidence with data, and it won’t hurt one bit. Don’t be afraid of the numbers, kids!

So, if we were to go back to our thesis, we could now expand on it like this:

             “Andrew Gardner’s photography during the American Civil war influenced the war’s outcome by providing a visual for ordinary citizens about the horrors of war, and thus helping to increase donations and enlistment in the Union through awareness to the cause. An increase in  donations and enlistment in relation to exposure to Gardners work is seen in data/evidence point A, as well as in data/evidence point B, which will be fully outlined in the points below.”

This gives you an example of how to lead from a thesis, to your opening paragraph.

5. Data and Evidence Justifications—Paragraph making

This is the section where you can branch your essay into your data and evidence points you gathered in steps 2 and 4. You can have as many paragraphs as you like, just make sure your evidence and data is strong and supported. I personally like to work with my thesis copied and pasted onto the top of every page I write on. This keeps you on track, with your clear goal in mind, and will help you from straying. I will give you an example of how a paragraph might sound.

                Andrew Gardner’s photography during the American Civil War became heavily influential upon the American population at the time, particularly the north, wherein which his work was showcased. The influence of Gardner’s photographic works is seen in the _____, which shows us that without the influence of Gardner’s media influence, war efforts and awareness may not have been as successful as they had been.

This is an alright opener for you to work with. The ___ is where you could put in your data point or evidence piece. The point of the paragraph is to show your support for your thesis by confirming it with evidence.

Your paragraphs should take this form:

  • Present, Confirm, Conclude, Lead.

You present your evidence, confirm its relation to the thesis and confirm the validity of the thesis, conclude by brief revision of evidence, and then lead into your next paragraph. 

6. Conclusion

        Your conclusionary paragraph should be a look-over of the above paragraphs. Restate your thesis, present a summarized version of your paragraphs(one or two sentences only), and perhaps take the time to look at your own views on the subject. An example might look like this:

        “Taking a moment to step away from the above mentioned evidence, I believe it to be scholarly acceptable and even necessary to state my own views on the subject presented. In drawing conclusions, I felt that the above information was correct in that it presented a reality of the time period, in which photography was becoming a medium to be embraced by popular society. People were not only astounded by Gardner’s photographs on a social level, but also a technical level. The astonishment people held at seeing the war-torn battle fields spurred them into action, and even today can still present feelings of dread, fear and loss when looking at his photos…blah blah blah”

Why is it scholarly acceptable and perhaps necessary to state your views? Oftentimes, it is to reassure the reader of your own personal bias’, which exist whether you like them or not, to the subject at hand. Having a small tidbit on your own thoughts about your research ect, breaking away from the third-person droning of an essay can be refreshing and welcoming for a prof at the end of his stack of essay reading. 

7. In summary

  • Thesis
  • WWWWWH
  • NARROW IT DOWN
  • Data and Evidence
  • Present, Confirm, Conclude, Lead
  • Self opinions/Conclude

All in all, do unique things. Professors love it when they come across something that’s not cookie cutter! Even if they present you with a list of essay topics, take the leap and ask them if you can do your own research topic!! Take risks with your essay writing, talk to your professors about what you want to do, and try to have fun with your research. I’ve written on everything from civil war photography to Disney princesses in american media, to the religious formation of idea of heaven and earth. Remember, so long as there’s credible, documented evidence, it’s possible to write about it.

Source: healthyeyes
edu